Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Management of Epiglottitis

Introduction

Epiglottitis is a life-threatening inflammatory condition that affects the epiglottis, causing airway obstruction. It is most commonly seen in pediatric patients and requires immediate medical intervention.

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Epiglottitis is primarily caused by bacterial infections, with Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) being the leading pathogen. Other causes include Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. The infection leads to rapid swelling and inflammation of the epiglottis, which can obstruct airflow.

Clinical Features

• Sudden onset of high fever
• Severe sore throat
• Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
• Drooling due to inability to swallow
• Stridor and respiratory distress
• Tripod posture (sitting forward with mouth open)

Management Strategies

Timely intervention is critical in cases of epiglottitis. The following steps are essential:

• Immediate hospitalization and airway assessment
• Administration of broad-spectrum IV antibiotics such as ceftriaxone or ampicillin-sulbactam
• Supplemental oxygen therapy
• Intubation or tracheostomy in severe cases

Prevention and Vaccination Strategies

The most effective way to prevent epiglottitis is through vaccination. The Hib vaccine, included in routine childhood immunization schedules, has significantly reduced the incidence of the disease.

• Administer Hib vaccine starting at 2 months of age
• Complete the full vaccination course as per medical guidelines
• Educate caregivers on early symptoms and emergency protocols

Conclusion

Epiglottitis is a medical emergency requiring rapid diagnosis and treatment. With the widespread use of the Hib vaccine, the incidence has decreased, but awareness and preparedness remain crucial.