Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Management of Acute Otitis Media (AOM)

Introduction

Acute Otitis Media (AOM) is a common infection affecting children. It is characterized by inflammation of the middle ear, often following viral upper respiratory infections.

Etiology and Pathogenesis

• Etiology: AOM is commonly caused by bacterial pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.
• Pathogenesis: The infection usually begins as a viral upper respiratory infection, leading to eustachian tube dysfunction and fluid accumulation in the middle ear.

Clinical Features

• Ear pain (otalgia)
• Fever
• Irritability in infants
• Otorrhea (ear discharge) in cases of tympanic membrane rupture
• Hearing loss due to fluid buildup

Medical and Surgical Management

Medical Management

The treatment for AOM typically includes:

• Analgesics such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen
• Antibiotic therapy (amoxicillin as first-line treatment)
• Observation for mild cases, especially in children over two years old

Surgical Management

For recurrent AOM or persistent effusion:

• Myringotomy with tympanostomy tube placement
• Adenoidectomy in selected cases

Conclusion

Timely diagnosis and appropriate management of AOM can prevent complications such as hearing loss. Parents should seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen.