Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Presentation of Cardiac Failure in Infants and Children

Introduction

Cardiac failure in infants and children is a critical condition affecting cardiovascular health. Understanding its causes, progression, and clinical manifestation is essential for early diagnosis and treatment.

Etiology

The primary causes of cardiac failure in children include congenital heart defects, acquired heart diseases, and systemic illnesses. Common congenital defects involve ventricular septal defects (VSD) and hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Pathogenesis

Cardiac failure develops due to compromised myocardial function, leading to insufficient cardiac output. This results in compensatory mechanisms such as tachycardia and fluid retention.

Clinical Presentation

• Tachypnea and dyspnea
• Poor feeding and weight gain issues
• Peripheral edema
• Cyanosis in severe cases

Management Strategies and Treatment Modalities

Medical Management

• Diuretics for fluid overload
• Inotropic agents to enhance cardiac contractility
• ACE inhibitors for afterload reduction

Surgical Interventions

Severe cases may require surgical correction, such as septal defect repairs and heart transplantation.

Conclusion

Early recognition and intervention significantly improve prognosis in pediatric cardiac failure.