Etiology of Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Common Causes of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding refers to hemorrhage occurring in the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. It is a potentially life-threatening condition requiring prompt medical evaluation.

1. Peptic Ulcers

Peptic ulcers are the most common cause of upper GI bleeding. They occur due to the erosion of the gastric or duodenal mucosa, often associated with Helicobacter pylori infection or prolonged NSAID use.

2. Esophageal Varices

Varices are dilated blood vessels in the esophagus that develop due to portal hypertension, frequently seen in liver cirrhosis patients. They pose a high risk of severe bleeding.

3. Gastritis and Erosions

Inflammation of the gastric lining, often due to excessive alcohol consumption, NSAIDs, or stress-related mucosal damage, can lead to gastrointestinal bleeding.

4. Mallory-Weiss Tear

These tears in the mucosa of the esophagus or stomach occur due to excessive vomiting, leading to bleeding.

Common Causes of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

1. Diverticular Disease

Diverticulosis can lead to lower GI bleeding when small pouches in the colon become inflamed or eroded.

2. Colorectal Cancer

Malignant growths in the colon or rectum can cause chronic bleeding and anemia.

3. Hemorrhoids

Swollen blood vessels in the rectum or anus can rupture and cause visible bleeding.

4. Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis lead to chronic inflammation, ulceration, and bleeding in the GI tract.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Endoscopic evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies are crucial for diagnosing GI bleeding. Treatment varies based on the cause and severity, ranging from medications to surgical interventions.