Etiology of Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Common Causes of Lower GI Bleeding
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding can arise from multiple etiologies, including diverticular disease, angiodysplasia, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal cancer. Prompt diagnosis and tailored management are essential for optimal patient outcomes.
Etiology of Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Common Causes of Lower GI Bleeding
Lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding refers to hemorrhage originating distal to the ligament of Treitz, typically from the colon, rectum, or anus. It manifests as hematochezia or, in severe cases, melena.
Etiology
Diverticular Disease
Diverticulosis, especially in the elderly population, is a common cause of painless rectal bleeding.
Angiodysplasia
Abnormal blood vessels within the GI tract can rupture and cause chronic bleeding.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease can cause bleeding due to mucosal ulceration.
Colorectal Cancer & Polyps
Malignant or benign polyps may bleed intermittently, leading to chronic anemia.
Hemorrhoids & Anal Fissures
Common benign causes of anorectal bleeding, often accompanied by pain.
Diagnosis & Management
Initial assessment includes history-taking and physical examination. Diagnostic procedures such as colonoscopy, CT angiography, and radionuclide scans help localize the source. Management ranges from supportive care to endoscopic interventions or surgery.
Conclusion
Lower GI bleeding has a wide range of causes, from benign to life-threatening. Timely diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial to reducing morbidity.