Etiology of Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Heart Disease

Introduction

Atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease (IHD) remain major contributors to global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Understanding their risk factors—both modifiable and non-modifiable—enables targeted prevention and intervention strategies.

Modifiable Risk Factors

1. Dyslipidemia

Elevated LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol increase the risk of plaque formation.

2. Hypertension

Persistent high blood pressure leads to endothelial damage, fostering atherosclerotic progression.

3. Diabetes Mellitus

Hyperglycemia contributes to vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid abnormalities.

4. Smoking

Tobacco compounds exacerbate oxidative damage and lipid oxidation.

5. Sedentary Lifestyle

Lack of physical activity increases obesity risk and insulin resistance.

6. Unhealthy Diet

Diets rich in saturated fats, trans fats, and refined carbohydrates promote endothelial dysfunction.

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors

1. Age

Cardiovascular risk increases progressively with age due to cumulative endothelial damage.

2. Gender

Men tend to have higher cardiovascular risk earlier in life, whereas postmenopausal women also become susceptible.

3. Genetic Predisposition

Family history of cardiovascular disease increases susceptibility.

4. Ethnicity

Some ethnic groups exhibit higher genetic predisposition to atherosclerosis and IHD.

Preventive Strategies

1. Lifestyle Modifications

• Regular physical activity
• Heart-healthy diet (e.g., Mediterranean diet)
• Smoking cessation

2. Pharmacological Interventions

• Statins to manage cholesterol
• Antihypertensives
• Antidiabetic medications

3. Routine Health Screening

Early detection of dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes enhances preventive efforts.

Conclusion

Both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors play a significant role in atherosclerosis and IHD development. Implementing preventive measures and medical interventions ensures better cardiovascular health outcomes.