Etiology of Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Heart Disease

Definition and Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease characterized by the buildup of plaque in arterial walls, leading to narrowing and hardening of arteries. It is a primary contributor to ischemic heart disease (IHD) and can result in complications such as myocardial infarction and stroke.

Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis

Modifiable Risk Factors

• Dyslipidemia: High levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides contribute to plaque formation.
• Hypertension: Increased blood pressure damages arterial walls, promoting atherosclerosis.
• Diabetes Mellitus: Hyperglycemia accelerates vascular damage and inflammation.
• Smoking: Tobacco use leads to oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction.
• Obesity and Sedentary Lifestyle: Excess weight and lack of exercise are linked to metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risks.
• Unhealthy Diet: High intake of saturated fats, trans fats, and refined sugars exacerbates vascular inflammation.

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors

• Age: Risk increases with advancing age due to cumulative exposure to risk factors.
• Gender: Men are at higher risk until women reach postmenopausal age.
• Genetic Predisposition: A family history of cardiovascular diseases influences individual susceptibility.

Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis begins with endothelial dysfunction, leading to lipid accumulation, inflammatory response, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. The process culminates in plaque formation, arterial narrowing, and possible rupture, resulting in thrombosis.

Preventive Strategies

• Lifestyle Modifications: Engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy diet, and avoiding tobacco use.
• Medical Management: Statins, antihypertensives, and antidiabetic medications play a crucial role in controlling risk factors.
• Regular Health Screenings: Monitoring lipid profiles, glucose levels, and blood pressure aids in early detection and intervention.