Etiology of Corneal Edema

Systemic Diseases and Medication-Induced Edema

Corneal edema is a pathological condition characterized by excessive fluid accumulation within the corneal tissue, leading to visual disturbances. Various systemic diseases and medications can induce corneal edema through different mechanisms.

Causes of Corneal Edema

Systemic Diseases

• Diabetes Mellitus: Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to corneal endothelial dysfunction, compromising fluid regulation.
• Hypertension: Increased vascular permeability may contribute to fluid accumulation within the corneal stroma.
• Renal Disease: Electrolyte imbalances and fluid retention can predispose patients to corneal swelling.

Medication-Induced Corneal Edema

• Topical Ophthalmic Medications: Prolonged use of certain eye drops (e.g., prostaglandin analogs) may affect corneal endothelial cells.
• Systemic Medications: Drugs such as amiodarone, chloroquine, and bisphosphonates have been linked to corneal changes.
• Preservative-Induced Toxicity: Long-term exposure to preservatives in ophthalmic solutions may compromise endothelial integrity.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with corneal edema may experience blurred vision, halos around lights, and ocular discomfort. Slit lamp examination often reveals stromal haze and epithelial bullae.

Management and Treatment

The approach to treatment depends on the underlying etiology. Systemic disease control, medication adjustments, and hypertonic saline drops may help reduce corneal edema. In severe cases, endothelial keratoplasty may be required.