Etiology, Investigations, and Differential Diagnosis of Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia

Introduction

Microcytic hypochromic anemia is characterized by small and pale red blood cells. It often results from iron deficiency, chronic diseases, or genetic conditions such as thalassemia syndromes.

Etiology

The primary causes of microcytic hypochromic anemia include:

• Iron deficiency anemia
• Thalassemia syndromes
• Anemia of chronic disease
• Sideroblastic anemia

Investigations

Diagnosis involves laboratory tests such as:

• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Serum iron studies
• Hemoglobin electrophoresis
• Genetic testing for thalassemia

Thalassemia Syndromes

Thalassemia is a genetic disorder affecting hemoglobin production. It is classified into:

• Alpha thalassemia
• Beta thalassemia

Diagnosis relies on hematological tests and genetic analysis.

Differential Diagnosis

Conditions mimicking microcytic hypochromic anemia include:

• Lead poisoning
• Chronic infections
• Hemolytic anemia

Conclusion

Accurate diagnosis is critical for effective management of microcytic hypochromic anemia and its underlying conditions.