Etiology, Clinical Features, and Management of Neonatal Hypocalcemia

Introduction

Neonatal hypocalcemia is a common metabolic disorder affecting newborns, characterized by low serum calcium levels. It can lead to serious complications if not managed appropriately.

Etiology

• Early-Onset Hypocalcemia: Occurs within the first 72 hours of life due to factors such as prematurity, maternal diabetes, and perinatal stress.
• Late-Onset Hypocalcemia: Develops after 72 hours and is associated with high phosphate intake, vitamin D deficiency, or hypoparathyroidism.

Clinical Features

Neonates with hypocalcemia may exhibit symptoms such as:

• Jitteriness
• Irritability
• Seizures
• Hypotonia

Management

Management depends on the severity of hypocalcemia:

• Mild Cases: Oral calcium supplementation.
• Severe Cases: Intravenous calcium gluconate under close monitoring.
• Long-Term Management: Addressing underlying causes such as vitamin D deficiency.

Prevention and Long-Term Outcomes

Preventive strategies include adequate maternal nutrition, monitoring high-risk neonates, and ensuring appropriate phosphate intake.