Etiology, Clinical Features, and Management of Neonatal Hypocalcemia

Pathophysiology and Mechanisms

Neonatal hypocalcemia is a common metabolic disorder occurring in newborns, characterized by low serum calcium levels. It is classified as early-onset (within the first 72 hours of life) and late-onset hypocalcemia (after 72 hours). The condition primarily arises due to disruptions in calcium homeostasis, often influenced by maternal factors, birth-related complications, or underlying neonatal disorders.

Etiology

Prematurity and low birth weight
Maternal diabetes
Perinatal asphyxia
Vitamin D deficiency
Hypoparathyroidism
Phosphate overload

Clinical Features

The symptoms of neonatal hypocalcemia vary depending on severity and the timing of onset. Common clinical manifestations include:

Jitteriness or tremors
Seizures
Apnea
Laryngospasm
Feeding difficulties

Management

The treatment of neonatal hypocalcemia involves correcting the underlying cause while ensuring adequate calcium supplementation. Key management strategies include:

IV or oral calcium supplementation
Vitamin D therapy
Monitoring of serum calcium and phosphate levels
Adjusting phosphate intake if necessary

Conclusion

Neonatal hypocalcemia is a manageable condition when detected early. Proper neonatal care, monitoring, and timely intervention can prevent complications associated with low calcium levels.