Etiology, Clinical Features, and Management of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

Introduction

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia refers to elevated bilirubin levels in newborns, often causing jaundice. While physiological jaundice is common, pathological conditions may lead to severe complications.

Etiology

Causes of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia include:

• Physiological jaundice due to immature liver function.
• Hemolytic diseases such as ABO or Rh incompatibility.
• Infections like sepsis.
• Prematurity leading to inefficient bilirubin metabolism.

Clinical Features

Signs and symptoms include:

• Yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera.
• Poor feeding and lethargy in severe cases.
• Neurological symptoms in kernicterus.

Management

Appropriate interventions include:

• Phototherapy to break down bilirubin.
• Exchange transfusion in severe cases.
• Monitoring bilirubin levels regularly.
• Treating underlying conditions such as infections or hemolysis.

Complications and Long-Term Effects

If untreated, severe hyperbilirubinemia may cause:

• Kernicterus, leading to irreversible neurological damage.
• Developmental delays and motor dysfunction.
• Auditory impairments.

Conclusion

Early detection and proper management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia are crucial to prevent complications and ensure optimal neonatal health.