Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Management of Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis

Acute laryngotracheobronchitis, commonly known as croup, is a viral infection affecting the upper airway, leading to inflammation and narrowing of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi.

Etiology and Risk Factors

The primary cause is viral infections, notably parainfluenza virus types 1 and 2. Other causative agents include influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus.

• Children aged 6 months to 3 years are most commonly affected.
• Seasonal prevalence, peaking in autumn and early winter.
• Exposure to respiratory infections increases risk.

Clinical Features

• Characteristic 'barking' cough
• Inspiratory stridor
• Hoarseness and respiratory distress
• Fever and nasal congestion

Management Strategies

Management includes supportive care, corticosteroids like dexamethasone, and nebulized epinephrine for severe cases. Oxygen supplementation may be needed for hypoxic patients.

Conclusion

Acute laryngotracheobronchitis is a self-limiting condition but can present with significant airway distress. Timely intervention can alleviate symptoms and prevent complications.