Etiology and Pathogenesis of Gynecomastia

Pharmacological and Drug-Induced Gynecomastia

Gynecomastia is a benign proliferation of male breast tissue, often triggered by an imbalance between estrogen and testosterone levels...

Causes and Pathophysiology

• Drugs altering hormonal balance (e.g., spironolactone, anabolic steroids)
• Estrogen-like activity in certain medications (e.g., ketoconazole)
• Side effects from chemotherapy and cardiovascular drugs

Clinical Presentation

Patients may experience breast tenderness, palpable masses, or psychological distress...

Diagnosis and Treatment

• Physical examination and hormone level analysis
• Discontinuation of causative medication
• Medical interventions like selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)

Prevention Strategies

Avoiding high-risk medications and monitoring hormone levels can reduce incidence...