Parasitic Pneumonia: Rare Cases, Transmission Routes, and Pathology

Introduction

Parasitic pneumonia is a rare yet significant form of pulmonary infection caused by parasitic organisms. Unlike bacterial or viral pneumonia, parasitic pneumonia typically affects immunocompromised individuals or those living in endemic regions.

Etiology and Transmission Routes

Several parasites have been implicated in causing pneumonia, including:

• Toxoplasma gondii – Often transmitted via ingestion of contaminated food or water.
• Strongyloides stercoralis – Can enter the body through the skin and migrate to the lungs.
• Paragonimus westermani – Acquired by consuming raw or undercooked freshwater crustaceans.

Transmission typically occurs through ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct skin penetration, or inhalation of parasitic larvae.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations

Parasitic pneumonia manifests as respiratory distress, cough, fever, and eosinophilia. Severe cases may lead to hemoptysis, lung abscess formation, or respiratory failure.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis involves serological tests, PCR assays, and microscopic identification of parasites in sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage samples. Treatment depends on the causative parasite and commonly includes antiparasitic agents such as:

• Albendazole for Strongyloidiasis.
• Praziquantel for Paragonimiasis.
• Pyrimethamine and Sulfadiazine for Toxoplasmosis.

Prevention and Public Health Considerations

Preventive measures include avoiding raw seafood, maintaining proper hygiene, and controlling parasitic infections in endemic areas. Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial in reducing complications.

Conclusion

Parasitic pneumonia, though rare, is an important differential diagnosis in immunocompromised patients. Raising awareness and improving diagnostic methods can significantly reduce its impact.