Etiology and Differential Diagnosis of Hypercalcemia

Introduction

Hypercalcemia is a condition characterized by elevated calcium levels in the blood. It can arise due to various underlying causes, making differential diagnosis essential for appropriate treatment.

Causes of Hypercalcemia

• Primary hyperparathyroidism – Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
• Malignancy – Tumors producing parathyroid-related protein.
• Vitamin D toxicity – Increased intestinal calcium absorption.
• Renal failure – Impaired calcium excretion.

Laboratory Approaches to Hypercalcemia

Diagnostic tests help determine the underlying cause of hypercalcemia. Key tests include:

• Serum calcium and PTH levels
• Vitamin D concentration
• Bone metabolism markers

Imaging Techniques for Diagnosis

Imaging plays a crucial role in evaluating potential causes of hypercalcemia. Common imaging modalities include:

• Bone scans for skeletal involvement
• Ultrasound for parathyroid gland assessment
• CT or MRI for tumor identification

Clinical Relevance

Accurate diagnosis of hypercalcemia enables targeted interventions. Early detection improves patient outcomes and prevents complications.