Pathogenesis of Ischemic Heart Disease

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a condition that results from reduced blood supply to the heart due to narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. This condition can lead to angina, myocardial infarction, and heart failure.

Etiology and Risk Factors

• Atherosclerosis – the main cause of IHD
• Hypertension – increases myocardial oxygen demand
• Diabetes mellitus – accelerates arterial damage
• Hyperlipidemia – promotes plaque formation
• Smoking – causes oxidative stress and vascular injury

Pathophysiology

The disease progression starts with endothelial dysfunction, leading to lipid accumulation and inflammatory response within the arterial walls. The formation of atherosclerotic plaques reduces arterial lumen size and impairs oxygen delivery to cardiac tissues.

Clinical Manifestations

• Stable angina – chest pain triggered by exertion
• Unstable angina – unpredictable chest pain
• Myocardial infarction – heart attack due to complete occlusion

Prevention and Management

Preventive measures include lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation, dietary changes, and regular physical activity. Pharmacologic treatment includes statins, beta-blockers, and antiplatelet agents.