Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive beta-cell dysfunction. It is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.

Epidemiology

The global prevalence of T2DM has risen sharply due to changes in lifestyle, dietary habits, and aging populations. The disease is more common in developed countries, with a significant impact on healthcare systems.

Pathogenesis

Type 2 diabetes develops when the body fails to use insulin efficiently. Key mechanisms involved include:

• Insulin Resistance: Cells lose sensitivity to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels.
• Beta-Cell Dysfunction: The pancreas fails to compensate for insulin resistance.
• Inflammatory Pathways: Chronic inflammation contributes to metabolic disturbances.

Risk Factors

Genetic Factors

Family history plays a significant role in susceptibility to T2DM. Certain genetic variants influence insulin regulation and glucose metabolism.

Lifestyle and Environmental Factors

• Obesity: Excess body fat, especially visceral fat, increases insulin resistance.
• Sedentary Lifestyle: Physical inactivity reduces glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity.
• Diet: High intake of refined sugars and saturated fats exacerbates metabolic dysfunction.

Conclusion

T2DM is a multifactorial disease requiring a combination of lifestyle modifications, medical treatment, and continuous monitoring to prevent complications.