Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC): Pathophysiology, Laboratory Findings, and Diagnosis

Introduction

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a serious medical condition characterized by widespread activation of the coagulation cascade, leading to excessive clot formation and subsequent bleeding.

Pathophysiology

DIC results from uncontrolled coagulation triggered by underlying diseases such as sepsis, trauma, malignancy, and obstetric complications.

• Systemic activation of coagulation leads to microvascular thrombi.
• Consumption of coagulation factors and platelets causes bleeding.
• Fibrinolysis is impaired, exacerbating thrombosis.

Laboratory Findings

Diagnosis of DIC relies on laboratory parameters indicating both excessive coagulation and fibrinolysis.

• Elevated D-dimer levels
• Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
• Prolonged PT and aPTT
• Decreased fibrinogen levels

Differential Diagnosis and Associated Conditions

Conditions that may mimic DIC include thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and severe hepatic disease.

Conclusion

DIC is a life-threatening condition requiring prompt diagnosis and targeted treatment based on underlying causes. Managing the primary disease while supporting coagulation balance is crucial in preventing mortality.