Disorders of Mineral Metabolism: Sodium and Potassium Imbalances

Introduction

Sodium and potassium are essential electrolytes that play critical roles in cellular function and fluid balance. Their imbalances can lead to severe physiological disruptions.

Sodium Imbalances

Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia occurs when serum sodium levels drop below 135 mmol/L, leading to symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and coma. Causes include excessive water intake, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), and renal dysfunction.

Hypernatremia

Hypernatremia, defined by serum sodium levels above 145 mmol/L, results in dehydration, neurological impairment, and cell shrinkage. It can stem from inadequate water intake, diabetes insipidus, or excessive sodium intake.

Potassium Imbalances

Hypokalemia

Hypokalemia, marked by serum potassium levels below 3.5 mmol/L, can cause muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, and paralysis. Common causes include diuretics, gastrointestinal losses, and endocrine disorders.

Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia (serum potassium levels above 5.0 mmol/L) can trigger cardiac dysfunction, neuromuscular symptoms, and metabolic disturbances. Factors such as renal failure, tissue damage, and potassium-sparing medications contribute to its development.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis involves serum electrolyte analysis, ECG assessment, and underlying cause evaluation. Treatment strategies include fluid management, dietary modifications, and medication adjustments.

Conclusion

Maintaining sodium and potassium homeostasis is vital for overall health. Awareness and timely intervention can prevent complications associated with imbalances.