Disorders of Mineral Metabolism: Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia

Introduction

Mineral metabolism plays a crucial role in maintaining physiological balance within the human body. Potassium, an essential electrolyte, is vital for nerve function, muscle contractions, and overall cellular function. An imbalance in potassium levels can lead to hypokalemia or hyperkalemia, both of which require medical attention.

Hypokalemia

Causes

• Excessive loss due to diarrhea or vomiting
• Diuretics that increase renal excretion
• Chronic kidney disease
• Endocrine disorders (e.g., hyperaldosteronism)

Symptoms

• Muscle weakness and cramps
• Fatigue and lethargy
• Arrhythmias due to cardiac involvement
• Paralysis in severe cases

Treatment

• Oral or intravenous potassium supplementation
• Correction of underlying causes
• Dietary adjustments including potassium-rich foods

Hyperkalemia

Causes

• Renal failure leading to decreased excretion
• Excessive potassium intake
• Acidosis shifting potassium from cells into blood
• Use of potassium-sparing diuretics

Symptoms

• Irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias)
• Muscle weakness
• Numbness or tingling
• Severe cases may result in cardiac arrest

Treatment

• Administration of calcium gluconate to stabilize the heart
• Diuretics or dialysis for potassium removal
• Glucose and insulin therapy to shift potassium intracellularly

Conclusion

Maintaining potassium homeostasis is vital for overall health. Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia can have severe consequences, emphasizing the importance of early detection and appropriate intervention.