Differentiation of Stable Angina, Unstable Angina, and Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) Based on Clinical Presentation

Introduction

Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Among them, angina and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are significant concerns. This article discusses stable angina, unstable angina, and AMI, highlighting their pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and differentiation.

Definition and Pathophysiology

Stable Angina

Stable angina occurs due to a fixed atherosclerotic plaque that reduces coronary blood flow. Symptoms typically arise during exertion and resolve with rest or nitroglycerin.

Unstable Angina

Unstable angina is characterized by increasing frequency, duration, or intensity of chest pain. It occurs due to transient occlusion caused by a ruptured plaque and platelet aggregation.

Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

AMI results from complete coronary artery occlusion due to thrombosis at the site of a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque. It leads to myocardial necrosis and irreversible damage.

Clinical Presentation

• Stable Angina: Predictable chest pain during exertion, relieved by rest or medication.
• Unstable Angina: Chest pain at rest or worsening over time, often a precursor to myocardial infarction.
• AMI: Severe, persistent chest pain not relieved by rest; may include nausea, sweating, or dyspnea.

Diagnosis and Management

Diagnosis involves ECG, cardiac biomarkers, and imaging techniques. Management depends on the severity, ranging from lifestyle changes and medications to revascularization procedures.

Conclusion

Recognizing the differences between stable angina, unstable angina, and AMI is critical for timely intervention and improved patient outcomes.