Differential Diagnosis of Diarrhea

Infectious Causes: Bacterial, Viral, and Parasitic

Diarrhea is a common condition with a variety of potential infectious causes. Identifying the root cause is crucial for proper treatment and management.

Bacterial Infections

• Salmonella: Typically contracted from contaminated food or water.
• Escherichia coli (E. coli): Certain strains can cause severe gastrointestinal distress.
• Clostridium difficile: Often associated with antibiotic usage.

Viral Infections

• Norovirus: Common in outbreaks, especially in communal settings.
• Rotavirus: Primarily affects infants and young children.
• Enteric adenoviruses: A less common cause of viral diarrhea.

Parasitic Infections

• Giardia lamblia: Contracted from contaminated water sources.
• Cryptosporidium: Frequently linked to waterborne outbreaks.
• Entamoeba histolytica: Can lead to severe dysentery.

Diagnosis and Management

Proper diagnosis involves stool tests, antigen detection, and medical history assessment. Management depends on the pathogen involved and may include antibiotics, rehydration therapy, and supportive care.

Prevention

• Maintain proper hygiene and handwashing.
• Ensure food and water safety.
• Vaccination for certain viral causes like rotavirus.