Diagnostic Evaluation of Anemia Based on Presumed Etiology

Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy Indications

Anemia is a condition characterized by reduced oxygen-carrying capacity due to decreased hemoglobin levels. The diagnostic approach to anemia depends on its presumed etiology, which can be classified into various types including iron deficiency, hemolysis, chronic disease, and bone marrow disorders.

Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy

Bone marrow evaluation is indicated in patients with unexplained anemia, suspected hematologic malignancies, or bone marrow failure syndromes.

Indications for Bone Marrow Examination

• Unexplained anemia refractory to conventional treatment
• Suspected hematologic malignancies (e.g., leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma)
• Aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndromes
• Unexplained cytopenias or pancytopenia
• Evaluation of iron stores when standard markers are inconclusive

Procedure and Interpretation

Bone marrow aspiration involves extracting a sample using a needle for cytological examination, while biopsy provides a core sample for histopathological analysis. Findings may indicate hematopoietic disorders such as megaloblastic anemia, leukemia, or infiltrative diseases.

Conclusion

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy play a crucial role in diagnosing complex cases of anemia where routine tests are inconclusive. An accurate interpretation aids in targeted therapeutic strategies.