Diabetes Mellitus: Acute and Chronic Complications

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Its complications can be classified into acute and chronic categories.

Acute Complications

1. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

DKA occurs due to insulin deficiency, leading to hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status.

2. Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)

HHS is marked by extreme hyperglycemia and dehydration without significant ketoacidosis. It primarily affects elderly patients.

Chronic Complications

1. Microvascular Complications

Diabetic Retinopathy: Progressive damage to retinal blood vessels, leading to vision loss.
Diabetic Nephropathy: Kidney damage resulting in proteinuria and eventual renal failure.
Diabetic Neuropathy: Peripheral nerve damage, causing pain, numbness, and motor dysfunction.

2. Macrovascular Complications

Cardiovascular Disease: Increased risk of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke.
Peripheral Arterial Disease: Poor circulation leading to limb ischemia and possible amputation.