Definition, Classification, and Management of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR)

Introduction

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) are unintended and harmful responses to medications. They can range from mild discomfort to severe complications, significantly impacting patient safety.

Classification of ADR

Type A - Predictable Reactions

Type A reactions are dose-dependent and related to the drug's pharmacological effects. Examples include hypoglycemia caused by insulin and bleeding due to anticoagulants.

Type B - Idiosyncratic Reactions

Type B reactions are unpredictable and not related to the drug’s known effects. These can include allergic reactions or immunological responses.

Mechanisms Underlying Adverse Drug Reactions

Pharmacological Mechanisms

These mechanisms involve excessive drug action, receptor sensitivity, or pharmacogenetic factors.

Immunological Mechanisms

Drug-induced immune responses can lead to hypersensitivity, such as anaphylaxis or delayed-type reactions.

Management of ADRs

• Discontinuation of the Drug: If an ADR is severe, stopping the offending medication is crucial.
• Alternative Therapy: Switching to a safer alternative can help mitigate risks.
• Symptomatic Treatment: Managing symptoms like antihistamines for allergic reactions.
• Patient Education: Informing patients about possible ADRs and how to report them.

Conclusion

Understanding ADRs is vital for patient safety. Proper classification and management ensure effective treatment while minimizing risks.