Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis—Pathogenesis, Pathology, Causes, and Types

Definition and Differentiation

Arteriosclerosis is a general term for the thickening and hardening of arteries, while atherosclerosis specifically refers to the buildup of plaque within arterial walls, leading to restricted blood flow.

Pathogenesis

Arteriosclerosis results from endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and vascular remodeling. Atherosclerosis develops through lipid deposition, immune response activation, and progressive plaque formation.

Causes

• Hypertension
• High cholesterol levels
• Diabetes mellitus
• Smoking
• Genetic predisposition

Types of Arteriosclerosis

• Atherosclerosis: Plaque formation narrowing arteries.
• Arteriolosclerosis: Thickening of small arteries and arterioles.
• Monckeberg’s sclerosis: Calcification in the arterial media without narrowing.

Pathology and Complications

Atherosclerotic plaques may rupture, leading to thrombosis, ischemia, and severe cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke.