Scleritis: Definition and Classification

Scleritis is a severe inflammatory condition affecting the sclera, the white outer layer of the eye. It is often associated with systemic autoimmune diseases and can lead to significant ocular complications if untreated.

Types of Scleritis

Anterior Scleritis

• Diffuse Anterior Scleritis: Most common form with widespread scleral inflammation.
• Nodular Anterior Scleritis: Localized nodular swelling.
• Necrotizing Anterior Scleritis: Severe form leading to tissue destruction.

Posterior Scleritis

Less common, but can lead to visual impairment due to posterior segment involvement.

Causes and Risk Factors

Scleritis is frequently associated with autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Common symptoms include severe ocular pain, redness, tearing, and vision disturbances. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, imaging techniques like ultrasound, and laboratory investigations.

Treatment and Management

Management includes systemic corticosteroids, NSAIDs, immunosuppressive therapy for underlying conditions, and surgical intervention in severe cases.