Deficiency of B-Complex Vitamins: Causes, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Management

Introduction

B-complex vitamins play an essential role in metabolism, neurological function, and cellular health. Their deficiency can lead to various systemic complications. This blog explores causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management strategies.

Causes of B-Complex Vitamin Deficiency

• Inadequate dietary intake
• Malabsorption syndromes (e.g., Crohn’s disease, Celiac disease)
• Chronic alcoholism
• Pregnancy and lactation (increased demand)
• Medication-induced depletion (e.g., prolonged use of metformin, proton pump inhibitors)

Clinical Manifestations and Symptoms

Neurological Symptoms

• Paresthesia (numbness and tingling)
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Cognitive impairment
• Fatigue and mood disturbances (depression, irritability)

Hematological Symptoms

• Megaloblastic anemia (especially B12 deficiency)
• Pallor and weakness

Dermatological and Gastrointestinal Symptoms

• Cheilitis and glossitis
• Skin rashes and seborrheic dermatitis
• Loss of appetite and nausea

Diagnosis and Laboratory Investigations

• Serum levels of individual B vitamins
• Complete blood count (CBC) for anemia assessment
• Methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels (for B12 deficiency)
• Urinary excretion tests for functional evaluation

Management Strategies

Dietary and Supplementation Approaches

• Increasing intake of whole grains, dairy, meat, and leafy vegetables
• Oral or intramuscular vitamin supplementation
• Addressing underlying absorption disorders

Prevention and Lifestyle Modifications

• Maintaining a balanced diet
• Reducing alcohol consumption
• Monitoring medication interactions affecting vitamin levels

Conclusion

Recognizing and addressing B-complex vitamin deficiency is crucial for overall health. Early intervention and dietary modifications can help prevent complications.