Cushing's Syndrome: Definition and Overview

Introduction

Cushing's Syndrome is a disorder caused by excessive exposure to cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It can result from prolonged corticosteroid use or endogenous overproduction.

Causes and Risk Factors

• Excessive corticosteroid medication (exogenous)
• Adrenal adenoma or carcinoma
• Pituitary adenoma leading to Cushing's disease
• Ectopic ACTH-secreting tumors

Signs and Symptoms

• Moon face and buffalo hump
• Weight gain, especially in the abdomen
• Muscle weakness and thinning of skin
• Hypertension and osteoporosis
• Psychological symptoms such as depression and anxiety

Diagnosis

Diagnostic procedures include:

• 24-hour urinary free cortisol test
• Dexamethasone suppression test
• Serum cortisol and ACTH levels
• Imaging techniques such as CT and MRI

Treatment and Management

The treatment plan depends on the cause:

• Medication like ketoconazole or metyrapone to suppress cortisol production
• Surgical removal of tumors or adrenal glands
• Radiotherapy for pituitary adenomas
• Gradual tapering of corticosteroids if medication-induced

Conclusion

Cushing's Syndrome is a complex endocrine disorder that requires precise diagnosis and tailored treatment to prevent complications. Early recognition and intervention are crucial.