Composition of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Introduction

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a vital bodily fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, playing a crucial role in cushioning, nutrient transport, and waste removal.

Biochemical Composition of CSF

• Water: Forms 99% of CSF, acting as a medium for solute transport.
• Proteins: Low concentration (~15-45 mg/dL), mainly albumin and globulins.
• Glucose: Typically 50-80 mg/dL, approximately 60% of plasma glucose levels.
• Electrolytes: Sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate are present for osmotic balance.
• Cells: Normally few white blood cells, no red blood cells.

Clinical Significance

Alterations in CSF composition can indicate neurological disorders. For example:

• Elevated protein: Suggests infections like meningitis or conditions like multiple sclerosis.
• Low glucose: Common in bacterial meningitis.
• Presence of blood: Can indicate hemorrhage or traumatic injury.

Diagnostic Testing

CSF analysis is performed via lumbar puncture (spinal tap) and includes:

• Cytology: Cell count and differential analysis.
• Biochemical tests: Protein, glucose, and lactate levels.
• Microbiological tests: Culture for bacterial infections.
• Immunological markers: Detection of autoimmune conditions.

Conclusion

CSF composition provides valuable insights into neurological health, aiding in the diagnosis of various disorders.