Components of Nervous Tissue and Their Functions

The nervous system is made up of specialized cells that transmit signals across the body. It consists of neurons and neuroglia, each playing a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and enabling cognitive functions.

Neurons: Structure, Types, and Functions

Neurons, also known as nerve cells, are the fundamental units of the nervous system. They consist of the following parts:

• Cell body (soma): Contains the nucleus and essential organelles.
• Dendrites: Short, branched extensions that receive signals.
• Axon: A long projection that transmits electrical impulses.

Types of Neurons

Based on function and structure, neurons are classified into:

• Sensory neurons: Transmit signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS).
• Motor neurons: Carry commands from the CNS to muscles and glands.
• Interneurons: Link sensory and motor neurons within neural circuits.

Neuroglia: Supporting Cells of the Nervous System

Glial cells provide structural and functional support for neurons. They include:

• Astrocytes: Maintain the blood-brain barrier and regulate neurotransmitter levels.
• Oligodendrocytes: Form myelin sheaths in the CNS.
• Schwann cells: Create myelin in the peripheral nervous system.
• Microglia: Act as immune cells, removing pathogens and debris.

Functions of Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue plays a crucial role in sensory reception, signal transmission, and reflexive responses. It enables:

• Perception of environmental stimuli.
• Communication between body systems.
• Cognitive processing and motor control.