Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a serious health condition affecting children globally, especially in developing countries. It arises due to deficiencies in protein and caloric intake, leading to severe health complications.

Causes of PEM

• Insufficient dietary intake of proteins and calories
• Gastrointestinal disorders affecting nutrient absorption
• Persistent infections like tuberculosis and HIV
• Socioeconomic factors such as poverty and food insecurity

Symptoms of PEM

• Severe weight loss and muscle wasting
• Edema (fluid retention in tissues)
• Weak immune system, increasing susceptibility to infections
• Delayed growth and development in children

Diagnosis of PEM

Medical professionals diagnose PEM using clinical signs, anthropometric measurements such as weight-for-height ratios, and laboratory tests assessing protein levels.

Treatment and Management

Treatment involves nutritional rehabilitation, which includes:

• Providing a balanced diet rich in proteins, calories, and essential micronutrients
• Managing infections through antibiotics and immunization
• Offering socioeconomic support to improve food security
• Regular medical monitoring to ensure recovery