Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Management of Hemolytic Anemias

Introduction

Hemolytic anemia refers to a condition characterized by accelerated destruction of red blood cells, leading to various clinical manifestations and diagnostic markers.

Etiopathogenesis

Hemolytic anemias may be classified into intrinsic and extrinsic causes:

• Intrinsic Defects: Genetic abnormalities affecting RBC membrane, enzymes, or hemoglobin.
• Extrinsic Factors: Immune-mediated, microangiopathic, infections, or drug-induced hemolysis.

Clinical Presentation and Laboratory Diagnostic Criteria

Patients with hemolytic anemia exhibit symptoms such as pallor, jaundice, splenomegaly, and fatigue.

Diagnostic Tests

• Peripheral blood smear showing schistocytes or spherocytes.
• Reticulocytosis indicating compensatory RBC production.
• Elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and indirect bilirubin.
• Positive direct Coombs test in immune-mediated cases.

Management Strategies

Management depends on etiology:

• Supportive Care: Folate supplementation, transfusions, and corticosteroids.
• Specific Treatments: Immunosuppressive therapy, splenectomy, or targeted therapies for genetic conditions.

Conclusion

Hemolytic anemia is a complex hematologic disorder requiring thorough diagnostic workup and tailored treatment strategies.