Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations of Malaria

Introduction

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, primarily transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. The disease presents a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from mild symptoms to severe complications.

Pathophysiology

Once inside the human body, Plasmodium undergoes an intricate cycle involving hepatic and erythrocytic phases, leading to significant hemolysis, inflammatory responses, and organ dysfunction.

Clinical Manifestations

Uncomplicated Malaria

• Fever: Periodic febrile episodes aligned with parasite replication cycles.
• Chills and Sweats: Shivering episodes followed by profuse sweating as fever resolves.
• Hepatosplenomegaly: Enlargement of the liver and spleen due to parasite accumulation and immune activation.

Severe Malaria

• Cerebral Malaria: Neurological complications such as seizures, altered consciousness, and coma.
• Severe Anemia: Extensive hemolysis leading to critical red blood cell depletion.
• Acidosis and Respiratory Distress: Metabolic imbalances causing deep, labored breathing.

Conclusion

Recognizing the diverse clinical manifestations of malaria is essential for prompt diagnosis and effective treatment strategies, minimizing morbidity and mortality rates worldwide.