Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Management of Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency Anemia

Clinical Manifestations of Folate Deficiency Anemia

Folate deficiency anemia results from inadequate levels of folic acid, an essential B-vitamin required for DNA synthesis and erythropoiesis.

Causes of Folate Deficiency

• Inadequate dietary intake (e.g., poor nutrition)
• Malabsorption syndromes (e.g., celiac disease)
• Increased requirements (e.g., pregnancy, hemolysis)
• Chronic alcohol consumption
• Drug interactions (e.g., methotrexate, phenytoin)

Clinical Symptoms

Patients with folate deficiency anemia often present with symptoms such as:

• Fatigue, pallor, and weakness
• Glossitis (inflamed tongue)
• Neurological symptoms (rare, unlike B12 deficiency)
• Gastrointestinal disturbances (e.g., diarrhea, weight loss)

Diagnosis and Management

Diagnosis involves complete blood count (CBC), serum folate levels, and homocysteine testing. Treatment includes folic acid supplementation and addressing underlying causes.