Common Causes, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Manifestations of Fever in India

Fever is a common medical condition characterized by an elevated body temperature, often in response to infection, inflammation, or systemic diseases. In India, fever can arise from various etiological agents, including bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections.

Pathophysiology of Fever

Fever occurs due to the release of pyrogens that act on the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center. These pyrogens include endogenous mediators such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

Common Causes of Fever in India

• Infectious diseases: Malaria, Dengue, Typhoid, Tuberculosis
• Autoimmune disorders: Rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus
• Other systemic conditions: Neoplasms, Drug-induced fever

Clinical Manifestations of Fever

Fever presents in various patterns, which assist in differential diagnosis:

• Continuous fever: Persistent elevation without significant fluctuations (e.g., Typhoid fever)
• Intermittent fever: Temperature spikes followed by normal readings (e.g., Malaria)
• Remittent fever: Fluctuating high temperatures without reaching baseline (e.g., Tuberculosis)

Associated Systemic Effects

Prolonged fever can lead to complications such as dehydration, metabolic derangements, neurological impairment, and organ dysfunction. Early recognition and appropriate management are crucial.