Clinical Features, Investigations, and Management of Squamous-Type Epistaxis

Epistaxis, commonly known as nosebleeds, can arise from various etiologies. Squamous-type epistaxis, a condition characterized by recurrent bleeding, requires a systematic approach for diagnosis and management.

Clinical Features and Presentation

Squamous-type epistaxis manifests with unilateral or bilateral nasal bleeding. Patients may experience:

• Intermittent bleeding episodes
• Presence of crusting or ulceration
• Associated nasal obstruction
• Postnasal drip leading to throat discomfort

Investigations

Diagnostic evaluations include:

• Nasal Endoscopy: Visualization of the nasal mucosa for abnormalities.
• Biopsy: Histopathological examination to rule out malignancies.
• CT/MRI Scans: Imaging to assess sinus involvement.
• Coagulation Studies: Identifying underlying clotting disorders.

Management Approaches

Conservative Treatment

Initial management involves:

• Topical vasoconstrictors (e.g., oxymetazoline)
• Humidification to prevent mucosal dryness
• Antibiotics if secondary infection occurs

Surgical Interventions

Advanced cases may require:

• Cauterization (chemical or electrocautery)
• Nasal packing to control acute bleeding
• Arterial ligation for refractory cases
• Endoscopic resection in the presence of neoplasia

Conclusion

Squamous-type epistaxis requires careful evaluation to determine its underlying cause. A multidisciplinary approach ensures effective treatment and prevents recurrence.