Clinical features, classification, evaluation, diagnosis, and management of cerebral palsy
Classification of cerebral palsy
Cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder affecting movement and coordination. It is classified into spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, and mixed types based on symptoms and affected areas.
Classification of Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders caused by brain damage that occurs before, during, or shortly after birth. The classification of CP is based on the type of movement disorder and the distribution of affected body parts.
Types of Cerebral Palsy
- Spastic Cerebral Palsy: Characterized by stiff muscles and exaggerated reflexes, affecting movement. Subtypes include spastic hemiplegia, spastic diplegia, and spastic quadriplegia.
- Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy: Includes dystonia and choreoathetosis, resulting in involuntary, uncontrolled movements.
- Ataxic Cerebral Palsy: Impairment in balance and coordination, leading to shaky movements.
- Mixed Type Cerebral Palsy: A combination of spastic and dyskinetic features.
Causes and Risk Factors
CP is often caused by abnormalities in brain development or brain injury before, during, or after birth. Common risk factors include premature birth, low birth weight, maternal infections, and complications during labor.
Diagnosis and Evaluation
Diagnosis involves clinical observation, neuroimaging (MRI, CT scans), and developmental assessments to determine the severity and subtype.
Management and Treatment
- Physical therapy to improve mobility and muscle strength.
- Speech and occupational therapy for communication and daily activities.
- Medications like muscle relaxants and anti-seizure drugs.
- Surgical interventions for correcting limb deformities.