Clinical Features and Laboratory Diagnosis of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) is a rare hematologic disorder characterized by the premature destruction of red blood cells due to autoantibodies.

Etiopathogenesis

The disease arises due to dysregulated immune responses leading to antibody-mediated hemolysis.

Clinical Features

• Fatigue and weakness
• Pallor and jaundice
• Splenomegaly
• Dark-colored urine (due to hemoglobinuria)

Laboratory Diagnosis

• Complete Blood Count (CBC): Shows anemia with reticulocytosis.
• Direct Coombs Test (DCT): Confirms the presence of autoantibodies.
• Peripheral Smear: Demonstrates spherocytosis.
• Serum Bilirubin: Elevated levels indicate hemolysis.

Management

Therapeutic options include:

• Corticosteroids: First-line therapy to suppress autoimmune activity.
• Immunosuppressive Agents: Cyclophosphamide, Rituximab.
• Splenectomy: Considered in refractory cases.
• Blood Transfusion: Supportive care in severe anemia.

Prompt diagnosis and management are crucial to improving patient outcomes.