Ischemia and Infarction: Types, Etiology, Morphological Changes, and Clinical Effects

Clinical Effects and Consequences of Infarction

Infarction, the irreversible tissue necrosis due to ischemia, has significant clinical implications depending on the affected organ. The heart, brain, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract exhibit varied responses to infarction.

Cardiac Infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI) results from coronary artery occlusion, leading to severe chest pain, arrhythmias, heart failure, and even sudden death. Early thrombolysis and revascularization are crucial for survival.

Cerebral Infarction

Ischemic strokes stem from arterial blockage, manifesting as neurological deficits such as paralysis, aphasia, or cognitive impairment. Timely intervention with thrombolytics or mechanical thrombectomy improves outcomes.

Pulmonary Infarction

Caused by pulmonary embolism, infarction of lung tissue leads to pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis, and respiratory distress. Anticoagulation therapy remains the mainstay of treatment.

Gastrointestinal Infarction

Mesenteric ischemia results in severe abdominal pain, bowel necrosis, and potential perforation. Surgical revascularization is often required to salvage intestinal integrity.

Conclusion

Infarction is a critical pathological condition requiring prompt diagnosis and appropriate management to minimize morbidity and mortality.