Classification and Pathophysiology of Anemia

Understanding Anemia

Anemia is a condition characterized by a decrease in red blood cell (RBC) count or hemoglobin concentration, leading to reduced oxygen transport in the body. It can be classified based on etiology, pathophysiology, and morphology.

Classification of Anemia

1. Based on Morphology

• Microcytic anemia (e.g., iron deficiency anemia)
• Normocytic anemia (e.g., anemia of chronic disease)
• Macrocytic anemia (e.g., vitamin B12 deficiency)

2. Based on Pathophysiology

• Decreased RBC production (e.g., bone marrow failure)
• Increased RBC destruction (hemolytic anemia)
• Blood loss (acute or chronic hemorrhage)

Pathophysiology of Anemia

1. Genetic Causes

Some forms of anemia result from inherited genetic mutations affecting hemoglobin synthesis (e.g., sickle cell anemia, thalassemia).

2. Acquired Hemolytic Anemia

This type of anemia occurs when RBCs are destroyed prematurely due to autoimmune disorders, infections, or toxins.

Diagnostic Tests

Several tests are used to diagnose anemia:

• Complete Blood Count (CBC)
• Peripheral Blood Smear
• Serum Iron Studies
• Bone Marrow Aspiration

Conclusion

Anemia is a multifaceted condition with diverse causes and pathophysiological mechanisms. Early diagnosis and appropriate management can help mitigate its impact on health.