Classification and Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

Introduction

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening condition characterized by infection of the endocardium, usually involving the heart valves. This condition is primarily caused by bacteria, leading to significant morbidity and mortality.

Classification of Infective Endocarditis

Acute vs. Subacute

• Acute Endocarditis: Rapid onset, aggressive infection commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
• Subacute Endocarditis: Gradual progression, often associated with Streptococcus viridans.

Native Valve vs. Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis

• Native Valve Endocarditis: Infection occurring in patients without prior valve replacement.
• Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis: Occurs in patients with implanted heart valves, often requiring prolonged antibiotic therapy.

Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

Common Symptoms

• Fever and chills
• Heart murmurs
• Fatigue and weakness
• Skin manifestations (Janeway lesions, Osler nodes)

Complications of Infective Endocarditis

Cardiac Complications

• Heart failure due to valvular damage
• Pericarditis and myocardial abscess

Neurological Complications

• Embolic stroke
• Brain abscess

Systemic Complications

• Sepsis
• Kidney dysfunction

Conclusion

Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for better prognosis. Timely administration of antibiotics and surgical interventions can significantly reduce mortality rates.