Chronic Renal Failure: Etiology, Pathogenesis, Pathology, Laboratory Findings, Progression, and Complications

Etiology of Chronic Renal Failure

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a progressive loss of kidney function over time, leading to severe health complications. The condition is often caused by underlying diseases that damage the kidneys.

Common Causes

• Diabetes Mellitus: Uncontrolled diabetes leads to diabetic nephropathy, a major contributor to CRF.
• Hypertension: Persistent high blood pressure damages the small blood vessels in the kidneys.
• Chronic Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the glomeruli results in progressive kidney damage.
• Polycystic Kidney Disease: A genetic disorder causing cyst formation in the kidneys, impairing function.
• Obstructive Uropathy: Long-term obstruction in the urinary tract can lead to kidney damage.

Pathogenesis

The progression of CRF involves damage to nephron structures, leading to glomerular sclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Over time, renal function declines, resulting in metabolic imbalances.

Clinical and Laboratory Findings

Patients with CRF present with symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, fluid retention, and metabolic acidosis. Laboratory tests reveal elevated serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), electrolyte disturbances, and proteinuria.

Complications

CRF leads to serious complications including anemia, bone mineral disorders, cardiovascular disease, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD), requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation.