Urine Analysis for the Assessment of Normal and Abnormal Constituents

Chemical Examination: pH, Glucose, Proteins, Ketones, and Bilirubin

Urine analysis plays a crucial role in assessing various physiological and pathological conditions. It provides insight into metabolic, renal, and hepatic functions. The chemical examination of urine includes parameters like pH, glucose, proteins, ketones, and bilirubin.

Urine pH

The pH of urine can vary between 4.5 and 8.0. Acidic urine may indicate metabolic acidosis or respiratory disorders, whereas alkaline urine may suggest urinary tract infections or renal tubular acidosis.

Glucose in Urine

Presence of glucose in urine (glycosuria) is typically associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or renal glycosuria, a condition where glucose is excreted despite normal blood glucose levels.

Proteins in Urine

Proteinuria, or excess proteins in urine, can result from kidney dysfunction, hypertension, or infections. Microalbuminuria is an early indicator of diabetic nephropathy.

Ketones in Urine

Ketonuria occurs when ketone bodies are present in urine, often due to uncontrolled diabetes, starvation, or excessive fat metabolism.

Bilirubin in Urine

Urinary bilirubin indicates liver dysfunction, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, or biliary obstruction.