Vitamin A Deficiency and Excess: Causes, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management

Introduction

Vitamin A plays a crucial role in vision, immunity, and cellular growth. Both deficiency and excess can lead to serious health complications.

Causes of Vitamin A Deficiency

• Inadequate dietary intake
• Malabsorption disorders (e.g., celiac disease)
• Liver disease affecting storage

Causes of Vitamin A Excess

• Excessive supplementation
• High consumption of animal liver
• Certain medical treatments

Clinical Features

Deficiency Symptoms

• Night blindness
• Xerophthalmia (dry eyes)
• Increased susceptibility to infections

Excess Symptoms

• Nausea and dizziness
• Hepatotoxicity
• Birth defects (during pregnancy)

Diagnosis and Management

Vitamin A levels can be measured via serum retinol. Management involves dietary adjustments, medical intervention, and education on proper supplementation.