Causes and Clinical Features of Metabolic Alkalosis

Introduction

Metabolic alkalosis is a condition characterized by an elevated blood pH due to excessive bicarbonate accumulation or loss of hydrogen ions. It can lead to serious complications if untreated.

Primary Causes: Loss of Hydrogen Ions

Gastrointestinal Loss

Prolonged vomiting and nasogastric suctioning result in hydrogen ion loss, leading to alkalosis.

Renal Loss

Diuretic therapy, mineralocorticoid excess, and genetic disorders affecting renal ion transport contribute to metabolic alkalosis.

Clinical Features

• Neuromuscular symptoms: Tetany, muscle cramps, and weakness.
• Cardiovascular effects: Arrhythmias due to electrolyte imbalances.
• Respiratory compensation: Hypoventilation as the body attempts to normalize pH.

Treatment and Management

Correcting the underlying cause, administering electrolyte replacements, and controlling fluid status are essential in managing metabolic alkalosis.