Bone Structure and Function

Cartilage Growth, Repair, and Degeneration

Cartilage is a flexible, connective tissue that plays a critical role in joint function and skeletal support. Unlike bone, cartilage lacks a direct blood supply, making its growth, repair, and degeneration unique processes in human anatomy.

Cartilage Growth

Cartilage grows through two primary mechanisms:

• Interstitial Growth: This occurs within the cartilage matrix and is common during early development.
• Appositional Growth: New layers of cartilage are added to existing structures, primarily in response to mechanical forces.

Cartilage Repair Mechanisms

Due to its limited vascularization, cartilage repair is slow. Healing occurs through:

• Intrinsic Repair: Chondrocytes attempt to regenerate the matrix.
• Extrinsic Repair: Involves migration of external cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells.

Cartilage Degeneration

Degenerative changes in cartilage can lead to conditions like osteoarthritis. Factors include:

• Age-related Wear: Natural thinning of cartilage.
• Mechanical Stress: Excessive load leads to degradation.
• Inflammatory Processes: Cytokines contribute to cartilage breakdown.

Conclusion

Cartilage plays an essential role in joint mechanics and skeletal stability. Understanding its growth, repair, and degeneration helps in medical advancements for conditions like osteoarthritis.