Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy

Introduction

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are critical diagnostic procedures that help evaluate hematologic disorders, infections, and malignancies. These tests provide insights into the cellular composition and function of the bone marrow.

Procedure and Techniques

Bone Marrow Aspiration

The aspiration procedure involves inserting a hollow needle into the bone—commonly the iliac crest or sternum—to extract liquid bone marrow for microscopic examination.

• Preparation: Patient positioning and local anesthesia administration.
• Needle Insertion: A specialized needle is introduced into the bone marrow cavity.
• Aspiration: A syringe extracts a sample for analysis.

Bone Marrow Biopsy

This technique involves obtaining a solid core of bone marrow tissue using a biopsy needle to analyze its architecture.

• Incision & Needle Placement: The needle is inserted into the bone.
• Sample Collection: A cylindrical sample is extracted.
• Microscopic Examination: Evaluation of marrow histology.

Indications and Applications

Bone marrow tests are performed to diagnose anemia, leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, infections, and metastatic cancers.

Complications and Risks

While generally safe, complications like bleeding, infection, or localized pain may occur.

Conclusion

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are essential diagnostic tools that provide valuable insights into hematologic and systemic diseases.