Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy: Procedure and Techniques

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are essential diagnostic procedures in pathology, helping to evaluate hematologic disorders, infections, and malignancies.

What is Bone Marrow Aspiration?

Bone marrow aspiration is a procedure used to collect a sample of the liquid portion of the bone marrow. It is commonly performed to diagnose blood disorders, cancers, and infections.

Indications for Bone Marrow Aspiration

• Unexplained anemia
• Leukemia and lymphoma diagnosis
• Evaluation of metastatic cancer
• Monitoring bone marrow disorders

Procedure and Techniques

Preparation

The patient is positioned appropriately, usually lying on their side or stomach. Local anesthesia is administered to minimize discomfort.

Steps of Bone Marrow Aspiration

1. A specialized needle is inserted into the iliac crest or sternum.
2. A syringe is used to aspirate the liquid marrow.
3. The sample is placed on slides for microscopic examination.

Bone Marrow Biopsy

In addition to aspiration, a biopsy may be performed to obtain a solid sample of marrow tissue for further analysis.

Complications and Risks

• Pain at the biopsy site
• Bleeding or infection
• Rare complications such as nerve injury

Post-Procedure Care

Patients are advised to keep the biopsy site clean and avoid strenuous activities for 24 hours.

Conclusion

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are crucial diagnostic tools in pathology, aiding in the detection and management of hematologic diseases.